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CAR-T is a novel, personalised treatment that is currently revolutionising cancer treatment.  Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy uses the body's own T-cells to recognise and kill cancerous cells. The individual's autologous T-cells are taken from a patient's blood sample (via an apheresis machine) and are genetically modified in vitro so that heterodimeric proteins known as chimeric antigen receptors are expressed on the surface of the T-cell, forming CAR T-cells. Once these cells are cultured to millions in number, they are infused back into the patient - the new receptor will be able to directly bind to a specific tumour cell receptor (i.e. tumour markers, which differ massively from normal body cell receptors) to facilitate their death. To insert the gene that codes for the CAR protein, virus' with modified plasmids tend to be used as a vector. Virus' invade cells, incorporating their own viral DNA into the cell's DNA using enzymes such as i

I undertook a Mock Supervision with Nick Morrell who is a BHF Professor of Cardiopulmonary Medicine. Thus it was fitting that the topic we were set beforehand to research was heavily intertwined with pulmonary function. 

RCSU Science Challenge 2019 Submission Artificial intelligence (A.I) is [1] the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines leading to the machine being able to learn, reason and apply their knowledge. 2018 was truly a watershed year for A.I, where we saw a myriad of new technologies and ideas unveiled ranging from [2] brain-like computing chips containing artificial neurons which allow the chips to learn information for the evaluation of patterns in large data sets to extensive facial recognition systems which are actively being used to success in [3] crime detection and forensics by the FBI. Not to mention the growth in the number of start-up companies ([4] in the US there has been an increase in 23% from 2017 to 2018) alone where investors are pouring [5] billions to transform entire industries with A.I. for example UiPath, which is developing robotic automation to optimize business processes. [6]Worldwide spending on A.I. systems is set to reach $35.8 billion

The Cranial Nerves are twelve pairs of nerves originating in the brain (as given by the name "cranial" - showing that they are located inside the cranium. These nerves are of extreme importance due to the plethora of functions associated with them (ranging all the way from smell to balance) and the wide array of effects it has on our body. One of each pair are located on each side of the brain, and are numbered in roman numerals I through XII. These are often labeled as CN I, CN II, and so on. The first two cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve, are located in the cerebrum (located in the front/anterior area of the skull) , and the rest in the brainstem (posterior part of the brain which is continuous with the spinal cord) CN I --> OLFACTORY NERVE : To do with the transmission of sensory information regarding smells. Smells are analysed in the olfactory bulb which stimulates the nerve cells present there to pass impulses to the olfactory tract

We've all heard the phrase that time flies by as we are having fun. Our perception of time is organic, it is constantly changing and shifting. According to psychologist Claudia Hammond, " the sensation that time speeds up as you get older is one of the biggest mysteries of the experience of time." But there has been new research undertaken by Adrian Bejan , a researcher from Duke University that blames this temporal discrepancy on the fact that the speed at which images are obtained and processed by the human brain decreases as we age. As webs of neurons mature, they degrade, giving more resistance to the flow of electrical signals.  Bejan,  in his latest paper, examines the mechanics of the human mind and relates physics principles to our changing mental perception as we age. The concept of time represents 'percieved' changes in mental stimuli, it is all about what we can see. As the physical mental-image processing time and the rapidity of images we take i